Carbon dioxide (CO2) is delivered in several forms including as crude, gaseous, compressed liquid, and solid (ice), and is transferred via pipeline, bulk and micro-bulk trucks, cylinders, and as dry ice.
In this issue we focus on the US CO2 merchant market, a fundamental segment of the industrial gas business.
Merchant CO2 is distributed through a complex supply chain. Some companies have a fully integrated CO2 supply chain where they produce the crude, purify it to liquid, and distribute to distributors and end users. Other companies are strictly CO2 distributors. There are many different sources of CO2, but it is primarily sourced from ethanol (fermentation), natural CO2 wells, ammonia, and hydrogen as shown in Figure 1. It can also be captured from the gas streams emitted by power plants.
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